continuation

Table of Contents


1. a call/cc example

可以在这里运行 https://repl.it/languages

*cont*是一个Closure对象,里面有local variable x, 也有之后的程序控制流。 *cont*可以被多次调用,然后每次都是从那个点向后执行。

;; (defvar *cont* nil)

(define *cont* #f)

(define foo (lambda ()
  (print "foo...")
  (begin
    (print "I'm going in")
    (let ((x 10))
      (print
       (call/cc (lambda (cont)
                  (set! *cont* cont)
                  (print "I'm in call/cc")
                  "ready to return")))
      (set! x (+ x 1))
      (print "x = " x)
      (print "I'm going out")))
  (print "foo end")))

(define bar (lambda ()
  (print "bar ...")
  (foo)
  (print "bar end")))

(bar)
(print *cont*)

最初调用(bar) -> (foo)里面会将那个执行点记录在*cont* 上. 从(bar)返回之后,我们可以继续调用那个continuation. continuation和C语言里面的longjmp/setjmp 很像,但是远比它要强大。longjmp/setjmp只允许向栈底的方向跳转,而continuation向各种方向跳转,而且还能多次跳转。

上面那段代码输出如下

BiwaScheme Interpreter version 0.6.4
Copyright (C) 2007-2014 Yutaka HARA and the BiwaScheme team
>>
bar ...
foo...
I'm going in
I'm in call/cc
ready to return
x = 11
I'm going out
foo end
bar end
#(#(refer-local 0 #(nuate [object Object] #(return))) -1)

>> (*cont* "baby")
baby
x = 12
I'm going out
foo end
bar end

2. trampoline实现

对于不支持尾递归的虚拟机实现,可以使用Trampoline的方式来避免爆栈。Trampoline要求函数调用递归的时候,不能直接调用,而是应该返回函数对象(continuation). 返回函数对象如果是无参数的话,trampoline实现起来会比较规整而已,并不是强制性的。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding:utf-8
# Copyright (C) dirlt
import types


def trampoline(fn, *args):
    ret = fn(*args)
    while type(ret) == types.FunctionType or type(ret) == types.LambdaType:
        ret = ret()
    return ret


def is_odd(n):
    if n == 0:
        return False
    return is_even(n - 1)


def is_even(n):
    if n == 0:
        return True
    return is_odd(n)


def is_odd_t(n):
    if n == 0:
        return False
    return lambda: is_even_t(n - 1)


def is_even_t(n):
    if n == 0:
        return True
    return lambda: is_odd_t(n - 1)


try:
    print(is_odd(10000))
except RecursionError as e:
    print('recursion error: {}'.format(e))

print(trampoline(is_odd_t, 10000))

"""
recursion error: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object
False
"""